XI Olympic Winter Games in Sapporo

The 1972 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XI Olympic Winter Games (Japanese: 第十一回オリンピック冬季競技大会, Dai Jūichi-kai Orinpikku Tōkikyōgi Taikai) (French: Les XIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver), was a winter multi-sport event held from February 3 to February 13, 1972, in Sapporo, Hokkaidō, Japan.

It was the first Winter Olympic Games to take place outside Europe and North America.

Host city selection

Sapporo first won the rights to host the 1940 Winter Olympics, but Japan resigned as the Games' host after its 1937 invasion of China. The 1940 Games were later cancelled. All the cities awarded Games that were cancelled due to war have since hosted the Games (London, Tokyo, Helsinki, Sapporo and Cortina d'Ampezzo).

Sapporo competed with Banff, Lahti, and Salt Lake City. The Games were awarded at the 64th IOC Session in Rome, Italy, on April 26, 1966.

In preparation, the Japanese constructed new largescale facilities at Sapporo and conducted a trial run a full year in advance of the Games. An international sport week was held in February, 1971, to assess the city's preparations as well as "to test its civic mettle and hospitality", and this effort was acclaimed by Olympic observers as "a complete success". The development of new infrastructure proved to be a huge boon for the Sapporo economy: by the time of the Games, the national government had invested some US$500 million in upgrades, including a new subway. The Games' organizers themselves turned a healthy profit in part because they arranged a record $8.47 million for broadcast rights.

Highlights

• Prior to these games, Japan had never won a gold medal in the Winter Olympics. The host country's fans in Sapporo were boosted when three Japanese athletes, led by Yukio Kasaya, swept the ski jumping 70 m (current K-90 normal hill) event for gold (Kasaya), silver (Akitsugu Konno), and bronze (Seiji Aochi); those would also be the only medals Japan would earn in these Olympics.
• Galina Kulakova of the USSR won all three cross-country skiing events for women.
• Dutch skater Ard Schenk won three gold medals in speed skating.
• In Women's Alpine Skiing, American Barbara Cochran, one of three siblings on the U.S. Ski Team, became the first U.S. woman since Andrea Mead Lawrence to win a gold medal in skiing when she took first place in the slalom.
• In Alpine skiing, virtual unknown Swiss Marie-Thérès Nadig won both the downhill and the giant slalom events.
• Magnar Solberg from Norway was the first repeat winner in the individual 20 km biathlon event, having first won in Grenoble.
• Spain scored its first Winter gold medal courtesy of slalom skier Francisco Fernández Ochoa.
• American female speedskaters Anne Henning and Dianne Holum made the United States' best showing in the Winter Games, winning two gold, a silver, and a bronze.
• Three days before the Games, controversy over amateur status arose when IOC president Avery Brundage threatened to disqualify 40 alpine skiers who received endorsement and other deals. Austrian skier Karl Schranz, who received over $50,000 per year from ski manufacturers, was banned as an example. Meanwhile, Canada refused to send an ice hockey team, maintaining that professional ice hockey players from Communist nations were allowed to compete with no restrictions.
• On a historical note, these Games are the last where a skier won the gold medal using all-wooden skis. Since this time, top-level cross-country skiers use skis made mostly of fibreglass synthetics.
• In female Figure skating event, American skater Janet Lynn won not only a bronze medal, but also tremendous popularity among Japanese audiences because of her artistic free program, as to make appearance on the cover of "Olympic Winter Games, Sapporo 1972" photo books published in Japan, and even on Japanese TV commercials later.
• Luge had its only tie in the history of the Winter Olympics in the men's doubles event.

Venues

Main article: Venues of the 1972 Winter Olympics

• City venues
  • Makomanai Park
    • Makomanai Speed Skating Rink¹ – opening ceremonies, speed skating
    • Makomanai Ice Arena¹ – ice hockey, figure skating, closing ceremonies
    • Olympic village¹
    • Press center¹
    • Makomanai Cross-Country Events Site¹ – cross-country skiing, Nordic combined (cross-country skiing)
    • Makomanai Biathlon Site¹ – biathlon
  • Mikaho Indoor Skating Rink¹ – figure skating
  • Tsukisamu Indoor Skating Rink¹ – ice hockey
• Mountain venues
  • Mt. Teine Alpine Skiing courses¹ – alpine skiing (slalom, giant slalom)
  • Mt. Teine Bobsleigh Course – bobsleigh
  • Mt. Teine Luge Course – luge
  • Okurayama Jump Hill² – ski jumping (large hill)
  • Miyanomori Jump Hill¹ – Nordic combined (ski jumping), ski jumping (normal hill)
  • Mount Eniwa Downhill Course¹ – alpine skiing (downhill)

¹ New facilities constructed in preparation for the Olympic Games. ² Existing facilities modified or refurbished in preparation for the Olympic Games.

Sports

There were 35 events contested in 6 sports (10 disciplines).

•  Alpine skiing (6)
•  Biathlon (2)
•  Bobsleigh (2) 
•  Cross-country skiing (7) (details)
•  Figure skating (3) (details)
•  Ice hockey (1) (details)
•  Luge (3) (details)
•  Nordic combined (1) (details)
•  Ski jumping (2) (details)
•  Speed skating (8) (details)

Participating nations

35 nations participated in the 1972 Winter Olympics. The Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) and the Philippines participated in their first Winter Olympic Games.

Ice hockey - Final ranking

1.  Soviet Union
2.  United States
3.  Czechoslovakia
4.  Sweden
5.  Finland
6.  Poland
7.  West Germany
8.  Norway
9.  Japan
10.   Switzerland
11.  Yugoslavia