Cliff Burton

Clifford Lee "Cliff" Burton (February 10, 1962 – September 27, 1986) was an American musician, best known as the bass guitarist for the American thrash metal band Metallica.

Burton joined Metallica in 1982 and performed on the band's first three studio albums, Kill 'Em All, Ride the Lightning, and Master of Puppets. He also received a posthumous writing credit for the song "To Live Is to Die" from the band's fourth studio album ...And Justice For All.

On September 27, 1986, Burton died in a bus accident in rural southern Sweden as the band was touring in support of the Master of Puppets album. Burton was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Metallica on April 4, 2009. In 2011, an online Rolling Stone reader poll selected him as the ninth greatest bassist of all time.

Biography

Early life

Clifford Lee Burton was born in Castro Valley, California to Ray (born 1928) and Jan Burton. He had two elder siblings, Scott and Connie. Burton's interest in music began when his father introduced him to classical music and he began taking piano lessons. In his teenage years, Burton had an interest in rock, classical and eventually heavy metal. He began playing the bass at age 13, after the death of his brother. His parents quoted him as saying, "I'm going to be the best bassist for my brother." He practiced up to six hours per day (even after he joined Metallica). Along with classical and jazz, Burton's other early influences varied from southern rock and country to the blues. Burton also cited Geezer Butler of Black Sabbath, Misfits, Phil Lynott of Thin Lizzy, and Geddy Lee of Rush as influences on his style of bass playing.

Career

While still a student at Castro Valley High School, Burton formed his first band called EZ-Street. The band took its name from a Bay Area topless bar. Other members of EZ Street included future Faith No More guitarist "Big" Jim Martin and Faith No More and Ozzy Osbourne drummer Mike Bordin. Burton and Martin continued their musical collaboration after becoming students at Chabot College in Hayward, California. Their second band, Agents of Misfortune, entered the Hayward Area Recreation Department's Battle of the Bands contest in 1981 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1q0zLaXUuE). Their audition was recorded on video and features some of the earliest footage of Burton's trademark playing style. The video also shows Burton playing parts of what would soon be two Metallica songs: his signature bass solo, "(Anesthesia) Pulling Teeth", and the chromatic intro to "For Whom the Bell Tolls". Burton joined his first major band, Trauma, in 1982. Burton recorded the track "Such a Shame" with the band on the second Metal Massacre compilation.

In 1982, Trauma traveled to Los Angeles to perform at the Whisky a Go Go. Among those in attendance were James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich, both members of Metallica, which had formed the previous year. Upon hearing, as Hetfield described it, "this amazing shredding" (which later became "(Anesthesia) Pulling Teeth"), the two went in search of what they thought was an amazing guitar player. When they learned that what they had heard was a bass solo by Burton, they decided to recruit him for their own band. They asked him to replace departed bassist Ron McGovney, and since Burton thought that Trauma was "starting to get a little commercial", he agreed. The idea of having to move to Los Angeles did not sit well with him, and said he would join only if the band would relocate from Los Angeles to his native San Francisco Bay Area. Metallica, eager to have Burton in the band, left their origin of Los Angeles to make a home in El Cerrito, a town located across the bay from San Francisco.

Burton's first recording with Metallica was the Megaforce demo. A demo tape the band had made prior to Burton's joining, No Life 'til Leather, managed to come into the hands of John Zazula, owner of Megaforce Records. The band relocated to Old Bridge, New Jersey and quickly secured a recording contract with Zazula's label. Its debut album, Kill 'Em All, features Burton's famous solo piece, "(Anesthesia) Pulling Teeth", which showcased his use of effects, such as a wah-wah pedal, not commonly used by bass guitarists.

Metallica's debut album, Kill 'Em All, was originally intended to inherit the name of one of their earlier demo releases (predating Burton's participation), which was Metal Up Your Ass, but the music censors did not like the title and forced the band to change it. After the band learned of the change, Burton said "We should just kill 'em all, man," which gave the band members an idea for the new title. The album was released on July 26, 1983 through Megaforce Records.

The band's second studio album, Ride the Lightning, showcased the band's increasing musical growth. Burton's songwriting abilities were growing, and he received credit on six of the album's eight songs. Burton's playing style and use of effects is showcased on two tracks: the chromatic intro to "For Whom the Bell Tolls", and the "lead bass" on "The Call of Ktulu".

The increase of musicianship on Ride the Lightning caught the attention of major record labels. Metallica was signed to Elektra Records, and began working on its third album, Master of Puppets, which is considered by most critics to be a landmark album in heavy metal. Burton is featured heavily on a number of tracks, most notably the instrumental "Orion", which again featured Burton's lead bass playing style. The album also contained Burton's favorite Metallica song "Master of Puppets". Master of Puppets was the band's commercial breakthrough, but it would be Burton's final album with Metallica.

Burton's final performance was in Stockholm, Sweden, at the Solnahallen Arena on September 26, 1986.

Death

During the European leg of the Damage Inc. tour in support of Master of Puppets, the band complained that the sleeping cubicles on their tour bus were unsatisfactory and uncomfortable. To decide who received pick of the bunks, Kirk Hammett and Burton drew cards. On the evening of September 26, 1986, Burton won the game with an Ace of Spades, thereby getting the first choice of bunk and pointed at Hammett and exclaimed "I want your bunk!" Hammett replied "Fine, take my bunk, I'll sleep up front, it's probably better up there anyway". Burton was sleeping shortly before 7 am on September 27 when, according to the driver, the bus skidded off the road (the E4, 12 miles north of Ljungby), and flipped onto the grass in Ljungby Municipality, near Dörarp in rural southern Sweden. Burton was thrown through the window of the bus, which fell on top of him. They tried to save him and managed to lift the bus up a little using a crane. But, before they could retrieve him, the weight of the bus became too much and the bus slipped off the crane and landed on the ground again.

James Hetfield later stated that he first believed the bus flipped because the driver was drunk. Hetfield stated that he walked long distances down the road looking for black ice and found none. Local freelance photographer Lennart Wennberg (who attended the crash scene the following morning) later asked in an interview about the likelihood that black ice caused the accident, said it was 'out of the question' because the road was dry and the temperature around two degrees Celsius (37 degrees Fahrenheit). This was confirmed by police who found no ice on the road. Ljungby detective Arne Pettersson was reported in a local newspaper to have said the tracks at the accident site were exactly like ones seen when drivers fall asleep at the wheel. However, the driver stated, "under oath", that he had slept during the day and was fully rested; his testimony was confirmed by the driver of a second tour bus that was carrying the band's crew and equipment. The driver was determined not at fault for the accident and no charges were brought against him.

Legacy

Burton was cremated and his ashes scattered at the Maxwell Ranch. At the ceremony, the song "Orion" was played. The lyrics "...cannot the Kingdom of Salvation take me home" from "To Live Is to Die" are written on Burton's memorial stone. Shortly after Burton's death, Jason Newsted from Flotsam and Jetsam became Metallica's new bassist, a position he held until his resignation in 2001. The role has since been filled by producer and studio musician Bob Rock and the former bassist of Suicidal Tendencies and Ozzy Osbourne, Robert Trujillo.

Metallica wrote a tribute titled "To Live is To Die" for ...And Justice For All which he also receives a writing credit for the lyrics and Bass parts that were taken from unused Bass recordings done by Cliff which were re-recorded by Jason Newsted. The best-known non-Metallica tribute to Burton is the song "In My Darkest Hour" by thrash metal band Megadeth. According to Dave Mustaine, after hearing of Burton's death, he sat down and wrote the music for the song in one sitting. The lyrics, however, are unrelated to Burton's death. Mustaine was Metallica's lead guitarist in the early days and was a close friend of Burton at the time. Mustaine said the song was inspired by Burton's death.

On October 3, 2006, a memorial stone was unveiled in Sweden near the scene of the fatal crash. It is located by the parking lot to Gyllene Rasten.

Thrash metal band Anthrax dedicated its album Among the Living to him, as did Metal Church with The Dark.

On April 4, 2009, Burton was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, with the rest of Metallica. During the ceremony, the induction was accepted by his father Ray Burton, who shared the stage with the band and mentioned that Cliff's mother was actually Metallica's biggest fan.

A biography, To Live Is to Die: The Life and Death of Metallica's Cliff Burton, written by Joel McIver, was published by Jawbone Press in June 2009. Hammett provided the book's foreword.

Equipment

Bass Guitars

• Rickenbacker 4001
• Aria Pro II SB-1000
• Aria Pro II SB Black & Gold I
• Alembic Spoiler

Amplifiers

• Mesa Boogie 4"x12" Cabinets & 2"x15" Cabinets
• Ampeg SVT-1540HE Classic Series Enclosure

Effects

• Morley Power Wah Boost Pedal
• Electro Harmonix Big Muff
• Electro Harmonix Bassballs
• MXR Limiter

Strings

• Rotosound 66LB Bass Strings(35,55,70,90)

Cliff Burton Signature Bass

On January 2013, Aria guitars whose Aria Pro was one of Cliff's instruments he used the most, revealed through Metallica's official website that they would be releasing a replica of Cliff's bass called the Aria Pro II Cliff Burton Signature Bass. They had got permission from Cliff's family and his bandmates from Metallica to authorize the production of the instrument. The Bass Guitar was officially unveiled at Winter NAMM in Anaheim, CA. On January the 25th 2013, Cliff's father Ray Burton attended the press release where he did an introduction, signed autographs and talked about Cliff and the instrument. Current Metallica bassist Robert Trujillo was also present and was the first to try out the Bass where he performed parts of Anesthesia (Pulling Teeth), It is unknown whether any other members of Metallica attended the event. Cliff's father Ray Burton was quoted on the bass saying "What a beautiful instrument and a wonderful tribute to Cliff"

Specifications

• Headstock: Original SB Design
• Neck Shape: Standard, Medium
• Neck: 7 Ply Maple/Walnut
• Neck Joint: Neck-through, Heel-less Cutaway
• Tuners: Handmade Solid Brass Tuner Buttons, 24 K Gold Plated
• Nut: 40mm Width Solid Brass
• Truss rod Cover: Solid Brass
• Headstock Front Inlays: Patent Statement
• Headstock Back Inlay: Cliff Burton Authorized Signature
• Fretboard Scale: 34" or 864mm
• Frets: 24 Frets
• Fretboard: Rosewood
• Fretboard Inlays: Cat Eye, Mother of Pearl Inlays
• Body Shape: Original SB Shape, Super Balanced Body
• Body Material: Alder
• Pickup: Aria MB-V Passive Pickup
• Controls: 1xVolume, 1xTone, 1-Dual Sound Mini-Toggle Switch
• Knobs: Black SB Knobs
• Tailpiece: Solid Brass With 24K Gold Plated Saddles and Black Plated Body
• Strap Pins: 18K Gold Plated Solid Brass
• Strings: Rotosound RS66LB (35, 55, 70, 90)
• Certificate: Certificate of Authenticity Signed by Ray Burton and Toshi Matsumura
• Case: Deluxe Ostrich Hardshell Case With Gold Hardware

Discography

Studio albums

• Kill 'Em All (1983)
• Ride the Lightning (1984)
• Master of Puppets (1986)
• ...And Justice For All (1988) (Posthumous writing credit on "To Live is To Die" some Bass parts were taken from unused recordings done by Cliff but were re-recorded by Jason Newsted. Cliff also wrote the lyrics "All this I cannot bear to witness any longer. Cannot the kingdom of salvation take me home?")

Demos

• No Life 'til Leather (1982) (credited but does not play)
• Megaforce (1983)
• Ride the Lightning (1983)
• Master of Puppets (1985)

Compilations

• Metal Massacre Vol.II (with Trauma)