Lawrence Klein

Lawrence Robert Klein (September 14, 1920 – October 20, 2013) was an American economist. For his work in creating computer models to forecast economic trends in the field of econometrics at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1980 specifically "for the creation of econometric models and their application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies." Due to his efforts, such models have become widespread among economists.

Life and career

Klein was born in Omaha, Nebraska, the son of Blanche (née Monheit) and Leo Byron Klein.[1] He went on to graduate from Los Angeles City College, where he learnedcalculus; the University of California, Berkeley, where he began his computer modelingand earned a B.A. in Economics in 1942; he earned his Ph.D. in Economics at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1944.

Early model-building

Klein then moved to the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics, which was then at the University of Chicago, now the Cowles Foundation. There he built a model of the United States economy to forecast the development of business fluctuations and to study the effects of government economic-political policy. After World War II Klein used his model to correctly predict, against the prevailing expectation, that there would be an economic upturn rather than a depression. Similarly, he correctly predicted a mild recession at the end of the Korean War.

At the University of Michigan, Klein developed enhanced macroeconomic models, in particular the famous Klein–Goldberger modelwith Arthur Goldberger, which was based on foundations laid by Jan Tinbergen of the Netherlands, later winner of the first economics prize in 1969. Klein differed from Tinbergen in using an alternative economic theory and a different statistical technique.

McCarthyism and move to England

In 1954 after being denied tenure at the University of Michigan in the wake of the McCarthy  Klein moved to the University of Oxford, and developed an economic model of the United Kingdom known as the Oxford model with Sir James Ball. Additionally, at the Institute of Statistics Klein assisted with the creation of the British Savings Surveys, based upon the Michigan Surveys.

Return to the U.S.

In 1958 Klein returned to the U.S. to join the Department of Economics at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1959 he was awarded theJohn Bates Clark Medal, one of the two most prestigious awards in the field of economics. In 1968 he became the Benjamin FranklinProfessor of Economics and Finance at the Wharton School.

Brookings-SSRC Project

In the early 1960s Klein became the leader of the major "Brookings-SSRC Project" to construct a detailed econometric model to forecast the short-term development of the U.S. economy.

Wharton

Later in the '60s, Klein constructed the Wharton Econometric Forecasting Model. This model, considerably smaller than the Brookings model, achieved a very good reputation for its analysis of business conditions, used to forecast fluctuations including national product, exports, investments, and consumption, and to study the effect on them of changes in taxation, public expenditure, oil price, etc.

In 1969 Klein founded Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates or WEFA (now IHS Global Insight). He was the initiator of, and an active research leader in their LINK project, a consortium of model builders from many countries, which was also mentioned in his Nobel citation. The aim was to produce the world's first global economic model, linking models of many of the world's countries so that the effect of changes in the economy of one country are reflected in the other. LINK, which is now operated by the United Nations, is still meeting regularly, most recently in October 2009 in Bangkok.

Klein served as a thesis advisor for numerous well-known economists including E. Roy Weintraub in the late 1960s.

Later career

During the United States presidential election, 1976, Klein coordinated Jimmy Carter's economic task force. He declined an invitation to join Carter's administration. Klein has also been president of the Econometric Society and the American Economic Association (in 1977).

His Nobel citation concludes that "few, if any, research workers in the empirical field of economic science, have had so many successors and such a large impact as Lawrence Klein".

In recent years, he has been constructing short range "current quarter models" that use current economic indicators to get a handle on the rate of economic growth during the current and next quarter. In contrast to earlier efforts to model the economy structurally and to use constant adjustments and judgmental estimates for the exogenous variables, these systems are deliberately automatic and mechanical, simply translating available information into a statistically best estimate of current conditions. This represents a very different tradition from his earlier model building and applications.

Now in Emeritus status, he is still engaged in macro econometric model building. Mainly, he is involved in building high frequency models that projects the economy in a monthly, quarterly frame. A publication on high frequency model containing countries such as US, China, Russia, India, Brazil, Mexico, Korea and Hong Kong was expected in 2008.

Klein was a founding trustee of Economists for Peace and Security.

He died at his home on October 20, 2013. He was 93.

Publications

• Klein, Lawrence Robert (1970). An essay on the theory of economic prediction. Markham economics series (American ed.).Chicago: Markham Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8410-2005-1. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
• Economic Fluctuations in the United States, 1921–41 (1950)
• An Econometric Model of the United States, 1929–52 (with AS Goldberger, 1955)
• The Keynesian Revolution (1947) ISBN 0-333-08131-5
• The Wharton Econometric Forecasting Model (with MK Evans, 1967)
• A Textbook of Econometrics (1973) ISBN 0-13-912832-8
• The Brookings Model (With Gary Fromm. 1975)
• Econometric Model Performance (1976)
• An Introduction to Econometric Forecasting and Forecasting Models (1980) ISBN 0-669-02896-7
• Econometric Models As Guides for Decision Making (1982) ISBN 0-02-917430-9
• The Economics of Supply and Demand 1983
• Economics, Econometrics and The LINK (with M Dutta, 1995) ISBN 0-444-81787-5
• China and India: Two Asian Economic Giants, Two Different Systems (2004). Article free downloadable at the journal Applied Econometrics and International Development http://www.usc.es/economet/aeid.htm