en

Pyotr Kapitsa

Please add an image!
Birth Date:
26.07.1894
Death date:
08.04.1984
Extra names:
Pjotr Kapiza, Pjotrs Kapica, Пётр Леонидович Капица, Петр Капица, Пётр Леонидович Капица,Pyotr Kapitsa,
Categories:
Academician, Aristocrat, Nobel prize, Professor, Scientist
Nationality:
 pole
Cemetery:
Novodevichy Cemetery

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (Russian Пётр Леони́дович Капи́ца) (8 July [O.S. 26 June] 1894 – 8 April 1984) was a leading Soviet physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate.

Biography

Kapitsa was born in Kronstadt, Russian Empire to Leonid Petrovich Kapitsa, a military engineer who constructed fortifications, and Olga Ieronimovna Kapitsa. Kapitsa's studies were interrupted by the First World War, in which he served as an ambulance driver for two years on the Polish front. He graduated from the Petrograd Polytechnical Institute in 1918. He subsequently studied in Britain, working for over ten years with Ernest Rutherford in the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1929 and was the first director (1930–34) of the Mond Laboratory in Cambridge. In the 1920s he originated techniques for creating ultrastrong magnetic fields by injecting high current for brief periods into specially constructed air-core electromagnets. In 1928 he discovered the linear dependence of resistivity on magnetic field for various metals in very strong magnetic fields.

In the 1930s he started doing low temperature research, beginning with a critical analysis of the existing methods for obtaining low temperatures. In 1934 he developed new and original apparatus (based on the adiabatic principle) for making significant quantities of liquid helium.

Kapitsa formed the Institute for Physical Problems, in part using equipment which the Soviet government bought from the Mond Laboratory in Cambridge (with the assistance of Rutherford, once it was clear that Kapitsa would not be permitted to return).

In Russia, Kapitsa began a series of experiments to study liquid helium, leading to the discovery in 1937 of its superfluidity (not to be confused with superconductivity). He reported the properties of this new state of matter in a series of papers, for which he was later awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics". In 1939 he developed a new method for liquefaction of air with a low-pressure cycle using a special high-efficiency expansion turbine. Consequently, during World War II he was assigned to head the Department of Oxygen Industry attached to the USSR Council of Ministers, where he developed his low-pressure expansion techniques for industrial purposes. He invented high power microwave generators (1950–1955) and discovered a new kind of continuous high pressure plasma discharge with electron temperatures over 1,000,000K.

In November 1945, Kapitsa quarreled with Lavrentiy Beria, head of the NKVD, writing to Joseph Stalin about Beria's ignorance of physics and his arrogance. Amazingly, Stalin backed Kapitsa, telling Beria he had to get on with the scientists. Kapitsa refused to meet Beria: "If you want to speak to me, then come to the Institute." Kapitsa refused to work with Beria even when Beria gave him a hunting rifle. Stalin offered to meet Kapitsa, but this never happened.

Immediately after the war, a group of prominent Soviet scientists (including Kapitsa in particular) lobbied the government to create a new technical university, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Kapitsa taught there for many years. From 1957, he was also a member of the presidium of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and at his death in 1984 was the only presidium member who was not also a member of the Communist Party.

Kapitsa (left) and Nikolay Semyonov, the two physics Nobel laureates (portrait by Boris Kustodiev, 1921).

In 1978, Kapitsa won the Nobel Prize in Physics for the work in low-temperature physics that he had done in about 1937. He shared this prize with Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson (who won for work unrelated to Kapitsa's).

Kapitsa resistance is the thermal resistance (which causes a temperature discontinuity) at the interface between liquid helium and a solid.

Family

Kapitsa was married in 1927 to Anna Alekseevna Krylova, daughter of applied mathematician A.N. Krylov. They had two sons, Sergey and Andrey.

  • Sergey Kapitsa, physicist and demographer, host of the popular and long-running Russian scientific TV show, Evident, but Incredible
  • Andrey Kapitsa, geographer, credited with the discovery and naming of Lake Vostok, the largest subglacial lake in Antarctica, which lies 4,000 meters below the continent's icecap.

Honors

A minor planet 3437 Kapitsa, discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina in 1982, is named after him.

See also

  • Timeline of low-temperature technology

 

Source: wikipedia.org

No places

    loading...

        Relation nameRelation typeBirth DateDeath dateDescription
        1Леонид КапицаЛеонид КапицаFather00.00.186400.00.1919
        2Ольга КапицаОльга КапицаMother00.00.186600.00.1937
        3Andrey KapitsaAndrey KapitsaSon09.07.193102.08.2011
        4Sergey  KapitsaSergey KapitsaSon14.02.192814.08.2012
        5Hieronim StebnickiHieronim StebnickiGrandfather12.12.183210.02.1897
        6Žores  MedvedevsŽores MedvedevsFriend14.11.192515.11.2018
        7Lev LandauLev LandauFriend, Coworker, Employee22.01.190801.04.1968
        8Solomon MikhoelsSolomon MikhoelsFriend16.03.189013.01.1948
        9Anatolijs AleksandrovsAnatolijs AleksandrovsCoworker31.01.190303.02.1994
        10Игорь КурчатовИгорь КурчатовCoworker12.01.190307.02.1960
        11Rudolf AbelRudolf AbelFamiliar11.07.190315.11.1971
        12Joseph StalinJoseph StalinFamiliar18.12.187805.03.1953
        13Lavrentiy BeriyaLavrentiy BeriyaFamiliar29.03.189923.12.1953
        14Igors LandauIgors LandauEmployee00.00.194614.05.2011

        29.08.1949 | Soviet Union's first nuclear weapon test

        Submit memories

        29.09.1954 | Izveidots CERN

        Eiropas kodolpētījumu organizācija (franču: Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire, angļu: European Organization for Nuclear Research), plašāk pazīstama kā CERN, ir starptautiska organizācija, kas nodarbojas galvenokārt ar daļiņu fizikas pētījumiem. Atrodas uz Francijas un Šveices robežas, galvenais birojs atrodas Ženēvā. 1954. gadā to dibināja 11 Eiropas valstis. CERN galvenais uzdevums ir nodrošināt daļiņu paātrinātājus un citu infrastruktūru augsto enerģiju fizikas pētījumiem. CERN atrodas liels datoru centrs, kas veic eksperimentos iegūto datu apstrādi. Šeit ir radīts vispasaules tīmeklis.

        Submit memories

        29.09.1957 | Kyshtym (Mayak) disaster

        Submit memories

        16.01.1963 | PSRS vadītājs Ņ. Hruščovs publiski paziņo, ka PSRS ir radījusi ūdeņraža bumbu

        Submit memories

        10.09.2008 | Lielais hadronu pretkūļu paātrinātājs tiek palaists testa režīmā

        Submit memories

        Tags