Richard Brooks

Richard Brooks (May 18, 1912 – March 11, 1992) was an American screenwriter, film director, novelist and occasional film producer. His outstanding works as director are Blackboard Jungle (1955), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958), Elmer Gantry (1960) – for which he won an Academy Award for Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay) – In Cold Blood (1967) and Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977).

Early life and career

His parents, Hyman and Esther Sax, were Russian Jews. Married teenagers when they immigrated to the United States in 1908, they found employment in Philadelphia's textile and clothing industry. Their only child, son Reuben Sax, was born in 1912, in Philadelphia. He attended public schools Joseph Leidy Elementary, Mayer Sulzberger Junior High School and West Philadelphia High School, graduating from the latter in 1929. Reuben took classes at Temple University for two years, studying journalism and playing on the school's baseball team, but he dropped out and left home when he discovered that his parents were going into debt to pay for his tuition. He rode freight trains around the East and Midwest for a period of time but eventually returned to Philadelphia to seek work as a newspaper reporter. At some point in the 1930s Reuben began using the name Richard Brooks professionally. He changed his name legally in 1943.

Brooks wrote sports for the Philadelphia Record and later joined the staff of the Atlantic City Press-Union. He moved to New York to work for the World-Telegram but shortly afterward took a job with radio station WNEW for a larger paycheck. As a newsman for the station, he reported and read stories on the air and provided commentary. Brooks also began writing plays in 1938 and tried directing for Long Island's Mill Pond Theater in 1940. A falling out with his theater colleagues that summer led him to drive to Los Angeles on a whim, hoping to find work in the film industry. He also may have been trying to escape a marriage; a legal document indicates he was married at least part of the time he lived in New York.

He didn't find film work but was hired by the NBC affiliate to write original stories and read them for a daily fifteen-minute broadcast called Sidestreet Vignettes. His second marriage, in 1941, to an actress at Universal Studios, Jeanne Kelly, may have helped to open the door to writing for the studio. He contributed dialogue to a few films and wrote two screenplays for the popular actress Maria Montez, known as the "Queen of Technicolor." With no prospect of moving into more prestigious productions, he quit Universal and joined the Marine Corps in 1943.

Brooks never served overseas during World War II, instead working in the Marine Corps film unit at Quantico, Virginia, and at times at Camp Pendleton, California. In his two years in uniform he learned more about the basics of filmmaking, including writing and editing documentaries, and found time to write a novel, The Brick Foxhole, a searing portrait of stateside soldiers tainted by religious, racial and homophobic bigotry. He also divorced his wife, then known in films as Jean Brooks, in 1944, and later said he had been a self-centered husband and unsuitable for what she needed.

Published in 1945 to favorable reviews, The Brick Foxhole was made into the Oscar-nominated film Crossfire (1947), the first major Hollywood film to deal with anti-Semitism. The novel drew the attention of independent producer Mark Hellinger, who hired Brooks as a screenwriter after he left the Marines. Working for Hellinger brought Brooks back to the film industry and led to a long friendship with actor Humphrey Bogart, a close friend of the producer. Brooks provided an uncredited screen story for The Killers (1946), which introduced actor Burt Lancaster, and wrote the scripts for two other Hellinger films, notably Brute Force (1947), also starring Lancaster. After Hellinger's unexpected death in 1947, Brooks wrote screenplays for three Warner Brothers films, including Key Largo (1948), starring Bogart and wife Lauren Bacall and directed and co-written by John Huston, another Brooks mentor, who would be the only co-writer Brooks would ever have. Huston allowed Brooks to be on the Key Largo set during shooting so that he could learn more about directing a Hollywood film.

Brooks wrote two more novels shortly after the war, The Boiling Point (1948) and The Producer (1951), a thinly disguised portrait of Hellinger that may have had autobiographical elements for Brooks, too. He also married again, in 1946, to Harriette Levin, who had no apparent connection to the film industry. Their marriage lasted until 1957, when she sought a default divorce.

Writing and directing at MGM

Success as a screenwriter with Hellinger and Warner Brothers led Brooks to a contract with MGM and the promise of a chance to direct a film. He wrote two screenplays for the studio before he was given the opportunity to direct. His first film as writer and director, Crisis (1950), starred Cary Grant as a brain surgeon forced to save the life of a South American dictator, played by José Ferrer. His second film, The Light Touch (1951), starring Stewart Granger, was a caper film about art thieves and was shot in Italy.

Brooks came into his own when he directed an original screenplay, Deadline – U.S.A. (1952), a 20th Century-Fox film that starred his friend Humphrey Bogart. Based on the closing of the New York World, the film was part gangster picture, part newspaper drama. At its core was an issue Brooks cared about: the consolidation of the newspaper industry and its impact on the diversity of voices in the press. The film remains one of the more highly regarded dramas about American newspapers.

Brooks directed four more films before achieving an unqualified hit with Blackboard Jungle (1955) starring Glenn Ford. Based on a best-seller by Evan Hunter, the film was shocking for its time in its presentation of juvenile delinquency. It also offered a career-making supporting role for a young black actor, Sidney Poitier, and early roles for actors Vic Morrow, Jamie Farr and Paul Mazursky. Brooks chose to begin and end the film with the song "Rock Around the Clock", thus bringing rock 'n' roll to a major Hollywood production for the first time and sparking a No. 1 hit for Bill Haley and the Comets. Blackboard Jungle also brought Brooks his first Oscar nomination, for its screenplay, and was MGM's top moneymaker that year.

In 1955, Brooks was one of four American auteur filmmakers named as rebels by the French magazine Cahiers du Cinéma, However, it was box-office success that gave the writer/director more freedom at MGM, but Brooks also recognized he would not have complete control of his films while under contract. He stayed away from writing original screenplays and focused on adaptations of best-sellers or classic novels. He later noted that adapting a novel gave him a head start on developing the story structure required for a screenplay.

He spent the rest of the decade at MGM, his most notable film an adaptation of Tennessee Williams's sexually charged play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958). A huge hit for MGM – it drew more money and a larger audience than any other film Brooks ever directed – the film re-energized the career of Elizabeth Taylor and made a star of Paul Newman. It also brought Brooks his first Oscar nomination for directing and the first Best Picture nomination for a film he had directed.

Independent writer-producer-director

Brooks spent the last third of his film career working in relative independence. He followed the success of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof with an independent production for United Artists of Elmer Gantry (1960), based on the novel by Sinclair Lewis. The story of a phony preacher, played by Burt Lancaster, and a sincere revivalist, played by Jean Simmons, was edgy for the time. As it had for Blackboard Jungle and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, controversy accompanied the film's release and helped bring people to theaters. The movie received five Academy Award nominations, including one for best picture, and won Oscars for Lancaster as lead actor, for Shirley Jones as supporting actress, and for Brooks' script.

Brooks adapted and directed another Tennessee Williams play, Sweet Bird of Youth (1962). Ed Begley won a Best Supporting Oscar for his role in the film. While popular and well-received critically, the MGM production didn't duplicate the success of the previous Williams work. A dream project followed, an adaptation for Columbia Pictures of Joseph Conrad's Lord Jim (1965), but the lavish film proved to be a misfire at the box office and with most critics. Brooks had spent years writing the script and planning the most expensive project of his career and had assembled a stellar cast led by Peter O'Toole, Eli Wallach, Jack Hawkins, Paul Lukas, and James Mason. While beautifully photographed in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia by Freddie Young and scored by Bronislau Kaper, Lord Jim did not find the audience that had made David Lean's epics Lawrence of Arabia and Doctor Zhivago such notable hits of the 1960s.

To recover professionally from the failure of Lord Jim, Brooks surprised Hollywood by choosing to adapt a minor western novel about a wealthy husband who hires mercenaries to rescue his kidnapped wife from Mexican bandits. Brooks worked quickly and within a year released The Professionals (1966), which turned out to be Columbia's biggest hit that year. The slick crowd-pleaser starred Burt Lancaster, Lee Marvin, Robert Ryan and Woody Strode as "the professionals" with Jack Palance as the bandit leader and Claudia Cardinale as the kidnapped wife. The film received Oscar nominations for Brooks' screenplay and direction and for Conrad Hall's cinematography. It has been lauded as one of the most entertaining westerns ever filmed.

Brooks landed the property of the decade when author Truman Capote selected him to adapt his best-selling book In Cold Blood. Once again rejecting the methodical pace that had slowed him with other productions, Brooks worked quickly to adapt the "nonfiction novel," as Capote called it, but the reporter in Brooks led him to conduct his own research into the murders of four members of a Kansas farm family and the two drifters responsible for the crime. Brooks rejected Columbia's suggestion that he hire stars to play the killers and instead cast two relative unknowns, Scott Wilson and Robert Blake. He resisted the studio on another point, shooting the film in black and white rather than color because he thought it was a more frightening medium. He also used locations where the events actually occurred, including the house where the family had been killed. In Cold Blood, the resulting documentary-style picture, was among those of the mid-1960s that ushered in a more mature Hollywood film. Brooks once again received double Oscar nominations; cinematographer Conrad Hall and composer Quincy Jones also were nominated.

The Professionals and In Cold Blood marked the apex of Brooks' career. In the two decades that followed, he wrote and directed just six more films. Of note was The Happy Ending (1969). From his original screenplay about a woman dealing with disappointments in her marriage and her life, it was the kind of low-key personal film more likely to come from Europe than an American director. The film earned an Oscar nomination for star Jean Simmons. (Her own marriage to Brooks would end in divorce in 1980.)

Bite the Bullet (1975) was Brooks' return to the western. He based his original screenplay on the endurance horse races popular at the turn of the century. In 1977, he released another controversial film, an adaptation of Judith Rossner's novel Looking for Mr. Goodbar, starring Diane Keaton as a school teacher who searches for sexual satisfaction in singles bars. Brooks made the film on a tight budget, and its frank treatment of sex and its horrific storyline brought praise and condemnation and sold tickets. He ended his career with Wrong Is Right (1982), a satire about the news media and world unrest starring Sean Connery, and a gambling addiction film, Fever Pitch (1985). Both were critical and commercial failures.

Brooks tried developing other projects in the last years of his life. He suffered from heart ailments and a stroke before dying at his home in 1992 at the age of 79.

Personal life

For Brooks, Elmer Gantry was significant for personal as well as professional reasons. In 1960 he married his leading actress, Jean Simmons, after her divorce from Stewart Granger. Brooks helped to raise Simmons' daughter by Stewart Granger, Tracy, and Simmons gave birth to another daughter, Kate, in 1961. They separated in 1977 and were legally divorced in 1980. Previously, Brooks was also married for eleven years to Harriette Levin, a relationship which also ended in divorce.

Character

No matter what the medium – newspapers, radio, novels, film – Brooks considered himself a storyteller. As important to him, he believed his work should be and was truthful at its core. He also sought to use film as well as other media to say something he believed was important. While his films were easily categorized by genre and were most often based on another writer's story, his screenplays often became vehicles for a message he wanted to offer to audiences.

Brooks hated bigotry, which was a central theme of his novel The Brick Foxhole, his co-written screenplay for Storm Warning (1951) and his first western, The Last Hunt (1956). Racial division and reconciliation was also at the heart of Something of Value (1957). He saw Blackboard Jungle as encouraging teachers to continue striving to help their students and as reassuring them that they can make a difference. Opposed to the death penalty, he used In Cold Blood to suggest that executing criminals solves nothing and only creates more violence.

While he worked in the studio system for most of the 1940s and 1950s, Brooks often clashed with studio policies about the look and feel of films and the stories they presented. He also chafed against the Production Code's limitations on subject matter and expression. His goal as a filmmaker was total control of a production, and he achieved that with most films after the success of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. The failure of Lord Jim threatened that independence. Brooks responded by becoming a fast and efficient filmmaker, operating with a tight budget and often forgoing a high up-front salary in exchange for a guarantee of control.

Brooks was developing a reputation as a hard-driving, difficult and perpetually angry man as early as his tenure with radio station WNEW in the late 1930s. He was not averse to quitting a job when in conflict with those in charge—as he did while directing at the Mill Pond Theater in 1940 and writing for Universal in 1943. At MGM he was known for almost daily eruptions of anger, often aimed at his crew and sometimes at his cast. That did not change even after he was the producer of his films, and he was known throughout the industry as a talented filmmaker yet a difficult man to deal with. Many people also found him trustworthy, generous and loyal and thought his temperament was a way of blowing off steam as well as fending off those who wanted to diminish his creative power or try to control him.

Brooks was much the same way in his personal life. He readily acknowledged that he was a trying husband and that his work was the most important activity in his life. He was not interested in Hollywood's social scene, preferring to entertain guests at his home with tennis and movies when he wasn't working on screenplays or other projects. Yet his wife Jean Simmons found him to be a humorous, stimulating husband and a loving father to their daughters. But from all accounts, he was a 'tough as nails' father as well.

Death and legacy

Richard Brooks was one of the relatively few filmmakers whose careers bridged the transition from the classic studio system to the independent productions that marked the 1960s and beyond. He was also among the postwar writer-directors who made some of their best films as they struggled to break free of industry censorship. His legacy is that of a filmmaker who sought independence in a collaborative art and tried to bring his own vision to the screen.

Surrounded by family (Jean Simmons and daughters) and longtime friend actor Gene Kelly, Brooks died from congestive heart failure in 1992 at his house in Coldwater Canyon in Studio City, California. He was interred in the Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City, California, a few steps away from the graves of his parents. On his vault was placed a plaque inscribed, "First comes the word. . .". The quote was chosen by his step-daughter, film editor Tracy Granger, as Brooks always saw himself first and foremost, as a writer.

Even more representative of his attitude towards movies and their making, at least by the age of 65, is what writer/director Brooks reportedly said to his assembled cast and crew on the first day of shooting Looking for Mr. Goodbar: "I'm sure that all of you have your own ideas about what kind of contribution you can make to this film, what you can do to improve it or make it better. Keep it to yourself. It's my fucking movie and I'm going to make it my way!"

For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Brooks has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6422 Hollywood Blvd, between N. Cahuenga Boulevard and Wilcox Avenue.

Filmography

MGM

Credited as both writer and director (unless stated).

• Crisis (1950).
• The Light Touch (1951).
• Deadline – U.S.A. (20th Century Fox, 1952).
• Battle Circus (1953)
• Take the High Ground! (1953), only director.
• Flame and the Flesh (1954), only director.
• The Last Time I Saw Paris (1954).
• Blackboard Jungle (1955).
• The Last Hunt (1956).
• The Catered Affair (1956), only director.
• Something of Value (1957).
• The Brothers Karamazov (1958).
• Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958).

Independent producer

Credited as both writer and director.

• Elmer Gantry (Elmer Gantry Productions through United Artists, 1960).
• Sweet Bird of Youth, (MGM and Roxbury Productions through MGM, 1962).
• Lord Jim (Columbia and Keep Films through Columbia, 1965).
• The Professionals (Pax Enterprises through Columbia, 1966).
• In Cold Blood (Pax Enterprises through Columbia, 1967).
• The Happy Ending (Pax Enterprises through United Artists, 1969).
• $ (Frankovich Productions through Columbia, 1971).
• Bite the Bullet (Persky-Bright Productions/Vista through Columbia, 1975).
• Looking For Mr. Goodbar (Paramount, 1977).
• Wrong Is Right (Columbia, 1982).
• Fever Pitch (MGM, 1985).