Adrian

Adrian Adolph Greenberg (March 3, 1903 — September 13, 1959), widely known as Adrian, was an American costume designer whose most famous costumes were for The Wizard of Oz and other Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films of the 1930s and 1940s.

During his career, he designed costumes for over 250 films and his screen credits usually read as "Gowns by Adrian". On occasion, he was credited as Gilbert Adrian, a combination of his father's forename and his own.

Early life

Adrian was born on March 3, 1903 in Naugatuck, Connecticut, to Gilbert and Helena (Pollack) Greenberg. Contrary to some sources, Adrian's father Gilbert was born in New York and his mother Helena in Waterbury, Connecticut. It was his grandparents, who were immigrants. Joseph Greenburg and his wife Frances were from Russia, while Adolph Pollak and Bertha (Mendelsohn) Pollak were from Bohemia and Germany, respectively. He entered the New York School for Fine and Applied Arts (now Parsons School of Design in 1920. In 1922, he transferred to NYSFAA's Paris campus and while there was hired by Irving Berlin. Adrian then designed the costumes for Berlin's The Music Box Revue.

Career

The original Adrian-designed ruby slippers used in The Wizard of Oz; now on display at theSmithsonian.

Adrian was hired by Rudolph Valentino's wife Natacha Rambova to design costumes for A Sainted Devil in 1924. He would also design for Rambova's film, What Price Beauty? (1925). Adrian became head costume designer for Cecil B. DeMille's independent film studio. In 1928, Cecil B. DeMille moved temporarily toMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Adrian was hired as chief costume designer at the studio. While DeMille eventually returned to Paramount, Adrian stayed on at MGM. In his career at that studio, Adrian designed costumes for over 200 films.

Costumes designed by Adrian in George Cukor's 1939 film, The Women

During this time, Adrian worked with some of the biggest female stars of the day like Greta Garbo, Norma Shearer, Jeanette MacDonald, Jean Harlow, Katharine Hepburn and Joan Crawford. He worked with Crawford 28 times, Shearer 18 and Harlow 9. He worked with Garbo over the course of most of her career. The Eugénie hat he created for her in the film Romance became a sensation in 1931 and influenced millinery styles for the rest of the decade.[3][4] Adrian was behind Crawford's signature outfits with largeshoulder pads, which later spawned a fashion trend.

Adrian was most famous for his evening gown designs for these actresses, a talent exemplified in The Women. The Women (1939), filmed in black and white, it originally included a 10-minute fashion parade in Technicolor, which featured Adrian's most outré designs; often cut in TV screenings, it has been restored to the film by Turner Classic Movies. Adrian was also well known for his extravagant costumes, as in The Great Ziegfeld (1936) and opulent period dresses such as those for Camille (1936) and Marie Antoinette (1938). Adrian famously insisted on the best materials and workmanship in the creation of his designs.

Adrian is perhaps best known today for his work on the 1939 movie classic, The Wizard of Oz. Adrian designed the film's red-sequined ruby slippers for Judy Garland.

Adrian left MGM in 1941 to set up his own independent fashion house, though he still worked closely with Hollywood.

Sexuality and marriage

Though he was openly gay, he married Janet Gaynor in 1939, possibly in response to the anti-gay attitudes of the movie studio heads and the sex-negative atmosphere created by the Production Code. They retired and remained married until his death in 1959. Gaynor and Adrian had one son, Robin (born 1940).

Later years and death

After leaving MGM, he established his own fashion house. He had been repeatedly courted by retailers to design for public sale, but rebuffed these offers. Macy's "Cinema Shop" copied his work with the studio's tacit approval, much in the same way that department stores produced "Paris" fashions, though they were unapproved copies of the French couturier's works. He only returned to MGM for a final film, 1952's Lovely to Look At. Adrian was never nominated for an Academy Award as the costume category was not introduced during the time of his major work for the studios. A serious heart attack in 1952 forced the closure of Adrian, Ltd. in Beverly Hills. He and wife Janet bought a "fazenda" (ranch) outside of Brasilia in Brazil's interior and spent half of their year there. He came out of his retirement and returned to the States to design the costumes for "Grand Hotel," a musical version of the 1932 MGM film "Grand Hotel," which starred Paul Muni and Viveca Lindfors, but which only played in Los Angeles and San Francisco before Mr. Muni left the Broadway-bound show. In 1959 he was asked to design costumes for the upcoming Broadway musical Camelot. In the early stages of this project, Adrian died suddenly of a heart attack at the age of 56. He was buried in Hollywood Forever Cemetery.

Filmography

• Her Sister from Paris (1925)
• The Eagle (1925)
• Cobra (1925)
• The Volga Boatman (1926)
• Fig Leaves (1926)
• For Alimony Only (1926)
• Young April (1926)
• Gigolo (1926)
• The Little Adventuress (1927)
• Vanity (1927)
• His Dog (1927)
• The Country Doctor (1927)
• The Fighting Eagle (1927)
• The Angel of Broadway (1927)
• The Wise Wife (1927)
• Dress Parade (1927)
• The Forbidden Woman (1927)
• The Wreck of the Hesperus(1927)
• The Main Event (1927)
• My Friend from India (1927)
• Chicago (1927)
• Almost Human (1927)
• A Ship Comes In (1928)
• Let 'Er Go, Gallegher (1928)
• What Price Beauty? (1928)
• Stand and Deliver (1928)
• The Blue Danube (1928)
• Midnight Madness (1928)
• Skyscraper (1928)
• Walking Back (1928)
• The Masks of the Devil (1928)

• Dream of Love (1928)
• A Lady of Chance (1928)
• A Woman of Affairs (1928)
• A Single Man (1929)
• Wild Orchids (1929)
• The Bridge of San Luis Rey(1929)
• The Godless Girl (1929)
• The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929)
• The Last of Mrs. Cheyney(1929)
• The Single Standard (1929)
• Our Modern Maidens (1929)
• The Unholy Night (1929)
• The Thirteenth Chair (1929)
• The Kiss (1929)
• Untamed (1929)
• Dynamite (1929)
• Their Own Desire (1929)
• Devil-May-Care (1929)
• Marianne (1929)
• Not So Dumb (1930)
• Anna Christie (1930)
• A Lady to Love (1930)
• A Lady's Morals (1930)
• Montana Moon (1930)
• This Mad World (1930)
• The Divorcee (1930)
• Redemption (1930)
• The Rogue Song (1930)
• In Gay Madrid (1930)

• The Lady of Scandal (1930)
• The Florodora Girl (1930)
• Our Blushing Brides (1930)
• Let Us Be Gay (1930)
• Romance (1930)
• Private Lives (1931)
• Possessed (1931)
• Laughing Sinners (1931)
• Grand Hotel (1932)
• Red Dust (1932)
• Letty Lynton (1932)
• Smilin' Through (1932)
• Huddle (1932)
• Strange Interlude (1932)
• Today We Live (1933)
• Dinner at Eight (1933)
• Queen Christina (1933)
• The Cat and the Fiddle (1934)
• The Barretts of Wimpole Street(1934)
• The Merry Widow (1934)
• Nana (1934)
• Naughty Marietta (1935)
• Anna Karenina (1935)
• I Live My Life (1935)
• Rose Marie (1936)
• Wife vs. Secretary (1936)
• Love on the Run (1936)
• The Great Ziegfeld (1936)
• Romeo and Juliet (1936)
• San Francisco (1936)

• The Gorgeous Hussy (1936)
• Born to Dance (1936)
• Camille (1936)
• Double Wedding (1937)
• The Last of Mrs. Cheyney(1937)
• Maytime (1937)
• Conquest (1937)
• The Firefly (1937)
• The Girl of the Golden West(1938)
• The Shopworn Angel (1938)
• Sweethearts (1938)
• Marie Antoinette (1938)
• The Wizard of Oz (1939)
• Balalaika (1939)
• The Women (1939)
• Strange Cargo (1940)
• New Moon (1940)
• Susan and God (1940)
• The Philadelphia Story (1940)
• Pride and Prejudice (1940)
• Boom Town (1940)
• When Ladies Meet (1941)
• Two-Faced Woman (1941)
• Ziegfeld Girl (1941)
• Woman of the Year (1942)
• Flight for Freedom (1943)
• Humoresque (1946)
• Possessed (1947)
• Rope (1948)
• Lovely to Look At (1952)