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Friedrich Zander

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Birth Date:
23.08.1887
Death date:
28.03.1933
Extra names:
Friedrich Arturowitsch Zander, Frīdrihs Canders, Friedrich Zander, Фридрих Артурович Цандер;, Фридрих Артурович Цандер
Categories:
Born in Latvia, Inventor, Scientist
Nationality:
 german
Cemetery:
Set cemetery

Friedrich Zander (Russian: Фридрих Артурович Цандер, Latvian: Frīdrihs Canders; 11 August [O.S. 23 August] 1887 – 28 March 1933), often transliterated Fridrikh Arturovich Tsander, was a pioneer of rocketry and spaceflight in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. He designed the first liquid-fueled rocket to be launched in the Soviet Union, GIRD-X, and made many important theoretical contributions to the road to space.

Biography

Zander was born in Riga, Russian Empire, into a Baltic German family. His father Arthur Constantinovich was a doctor, but Friedrich was fascinated by other natural sciences besides medicine. In 1898, he was enrolled in the Riga urban technical high school, a seven-year program in which he was a top student. During this time, he became acquainted with the work of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and space travel became his foremost scientific passion. While studying engineering at the Riga Polytechnic Institute, he carried out trajectory calculations for a flight to Mars. Mars held a special fascination to Zander, and "Forward to Mars!" (Вперед, на Марс!) became his famous motto.

He graduated with his engineering degree in 1914, moved to Moscow in 1915. He worked at the "Provodnik" rubber plant, then in 1919 worked at Aircraft Factory No. 4 ("Motor"). In 1923, he was married to A.F. Milyukova, and they had a daughter named Astra and a son named Mercury. Mercury died of scarlet fever in 1929. After several years of unemployment and intensive research on rocketry and space travel, in 1926, Tsander began work at the Central Design Bureau of Aviation, and in 1930 worked at the Central Institute of Aviation Motor Construction (TsIAM).

Scientific Contributions

 

In 1908, he made notes about the problems of interplanetary travel in which he addressed issues such as life support and became the first to suggest growing plants in greenhouses aboard a spacecraft. In 1911, he published plans for a spacecraft built using combustible alloys of aluminum in its structure that would take off like a conventional aircraft and then burn its wings for fuel as it reached the upper atmosphere and no longer needed them. In 1921, he presented his material to the Association of Inventors (AIIZ), where he met and discussed space travel with V.I. Lenin, who was attending the conference. In 1924, he published it in the journal of Technology and Life (Tekhnika i Zhizn).

1924 was a particularly active year for Zander. The year before, Hermann Oberth had published the influential theoretical work "Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen" ("The rocket to interplanetary space"), which in turn introduced Zander and other Russian enthusiasts to the ground breaking work by Robert Goddard ("A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes" published in 1919). Zander took advantage of this by promoting Tsiolkovsky's work, and developing it further. Together with Vladimir Vetchinkin and members of a rocketry club at the airforce academy, he founded the Society for Studies of Interplanetary Travel. In an early publication, they would be the first to suggest using the Earth's atmosphere as a way of braking a re-entering spacecraft. The same year, Zander lodged a patent in Moscow for a winged rocket that he believed would be suitable for interplanetary flight, and in October gave a lecture to the Moscow Institute on the possibility of reaching Mars by rocket. During questioning after the lecture, he summarised the importance of reaching this planet in particular: "because it has an atmosphere and the capacity to support life. Mars is also known as 'the red star' and this is the emblem of our grand Soviet army."

Around this time, Zander became the first to suggest the solar sail as a means of spacecraft propulsion, although Johannes Kepler had suggested a solar wind sail in the 17th century.

In 1925 Zander presented a paper, "Problems of flight by jet propulsion: interplanetary flights," in which he suggested that a spacecraft traveling between two planets could be accelerated at the beginning of its trajectory and decelerated at the end of its trajectory by using the gravity of the two planets' moons — a method known as gravity assist.

In 1929-1930, while at the IAM, Zander worked on his first engine, OR-1, which ran on compressed air and gasoline and was based on a modified blowtorch. He also taught courses at the Moscow Aviation Institute during this time. In 1931, Zander was a founding member of GIRD (Group for the Investigation of Reaction Propulsion) (Группа изучения реактивного движения (ГИРД)) in Moscow. As head of brigade #1, Zander worked on the OR-2 (GIRD-02) rocket engine, to power the "216" winged cruise missile. He also worked on the engine and rocket GIRD-10, which flew successfully on 25 November 1933. Zander had designed the rocket, but did not live to see it fly, having died of Typhus in March of that year in the city of Kislovodsk.

Tributes

  • The crater Tsander on the Moon is named after him.
  • The Latvian Academy of Sciences awards a physics and mathematics prize in his honor.
  • In 1964, the Soviet Union issued a postal stamp honoring Zander, with his picture in the center.
  • Zander's family home in Riga is now a museum, and the street it is located on is named after him.

 

Source: wikipedia.org

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Latvijas Zinātņu akadēmijaLatvijas Zinātņu akadēmijalv

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        Relation nameRelation typeBirth DateDeath dateDescription
        1
        Arturs CandersFather00.00.185427.12.1917
        2Eduards SmilgisEduards SmilgisFriend23.11.188619.04.1966
        3Pauls LejiņšPauls LejiņšSchoolmate26.02.188327.03.1959
        4Igor SikorskyIgor SikorskyEmployer25.05.188926.10.1972
        5Teodors KalepsTeodors KalepsEmployer24.01.186626.04.1913
        6Čarlzs KlarksČarlzs KlarksTeacher19.05.186703.06.1942
        7Konstantin TsiolkovskyKonstantin TsiolkovskyTeacher05.09.185719.09.1935
        8Jan SteglauJan SteglauIdea mate00.00.187000.00.1944
        Tags
        Baltic GermanBorn in LatviaBorn in RigaUSSRdied of typhusdied outside LatviaMoscow, RussiaStudied in RigaSpace travelEngineerBorn before Latvian IndependenceRussian Empire